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Ion Channels
Ion channels are vital membrane proteins that regulate the passage of ions, influencing cell physiology and essential processes like nerve impulses and muscle contraction. They can be categorized based on ion selectivity, gating mechanisms, and regulatory processes. Examples include voltage-gated channels that respond to membrane potential changes and ligand-gated channels activated by specific molecules. Cyclic…
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is a fundamental process in cellular energy production. It involves the synthesis of ATP through the electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis. The ETC, consisting of protein complexes, facilitates the flow of electrons and generates a proton gradient. This proton gradient is harnessed by ATP synthase to produce ATP. The efficiency of oxidative…
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