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Cytokines
Cytokines are vital signaling molecules that play a crucial role in the immune response. This detailed study explores the functions, types, and significance of cytokines in various physiological processes, including inflammation and cell growth. It delves into the two main categories of cytokines: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, shedding light on their roles in initiating and…
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Inflammation: a biological response
Inflammation is a complex biological response triggered by the immune system in response to injury, infection, or tissue damage. This study provides insights into the key components and mechanisms of inflammation, including immune cell activation and cytokine release. It explores the two main types of inflammation: acute and chronic, highlighting their characteristics and associations with…
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Organs of the Immune System
In this detailed study, we explore the organs of the immune system and their vital roles in defending against pathogens. From the bone marrow to lymph nodes, discover how these organs facilitate immune responses and maintain overall health. Gain insights into their functions and interconnections for a comprehensive understanding of the immune system’s complexity.
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Pathways of Complement activation
The complement system is a crucial component of the immune response, consisting of a cascade of proteins that work together to identify and eliminate pathogens. There are three main pathways of complement activation: the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway. Each pathway is initiated by different triggers and involves unique mechanisms of…
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Functions of Complement system
The complement system is a critical component of the innate immune system that plays a vital role in recognizing and eliminating invading pathogens. Composed of more than 30 plasma proteins, the complement system is activated through several different pathways and exerts its effector functions through various mechanisms. These functions include opsonization, recruitment of inflammatory cells,…
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Classical pathway of Complement system
Diagram illustrating the classical pathway of the complement system, with labeled steps including initiation, activation of C1, formation of C3 convertase, amplification of the complement cascade, and formation of membrane attack complex (MAC).
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Functions of Antibodies
This text provides an overview of the critical functions of antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, in the immune response. Antibodies are a class of proteins that play a vital role in protecting the body from infection and disease. They are produced by B-lymphocytes and can bind specifically to a wide variety of antigens. Antibodies are…
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Types of Antibodies
This text provides an overview of the five main classes of antibodies and their distinct properties and functions. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by B-lymphocytes that play a critical role in the immune response by specifically binding to antigens. The five classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. IgG…
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Structure of Antibodies
The text provides an overview of the structure of antibodies. It explains that antibodies are a class of proteins produced by B-lymphocytes that specifically bind to antigens. The basic structure of antibodies consists of four polypeptide chains – two heavy chains and two light chains. The variable domains of the heavy and light chains form…
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Antigen-Antibody Reaction
The text above provides an overview of antigen-antibody reactions, which play a crucial role in the immune response. It explains the specific binding of an antigen to an antibody through non-covalent bonds and the diversity of antibodies generated by the immune system. The mechanisms of action resulting from antigen-antibody reactions are also discussed, including neutralization,…
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Antigen
This text provides an overview of antigens, which are molecules capable of inducing a specific immune response. It explains the two main types of antigens, their structure and characteristics, antigen processing and presentation, and how they are recognized by the immune system.
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