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Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a metabolic process that occurs in almost all living organisms. It is a critical pathway that provides energy for cells by breaking down glucose to produce ATP. This article will discuss the definition, equation, enzymes, and steps involved in glycolysis. What is Glycolysis? Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate,…
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Ion Exchange Chromatography
Introduction Ion exchange chromatography (IEC) is a type of liquid chromatography that separates molecules based on their charge. It is a widely used technique in biochemistry and analytical chemistry for the purification and isolation of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules. Principles of Ion Exchange Chromatography IEC utilizes a stationary phase, which…
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Structure of Protein
Proteins are essential macromolecules that play a crucial role in many biological processes. They are made up of amino acids, which are linked together through peptide bonds to form a linear chain. The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its three-dimensional structure and, consequently, its function. In this study note, we will explore…
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Lipids
Lipids are essential macromolecules that play a vital role in various biological processes. This guide explores the structure and function of lipids, their types, and their importance in energy storage, signaling, and cell membrane formation. We discuss the building blocks of lipids, including fatty acids and glycerol, and the types of lipids, including triglycerides, phospholipids,…
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Enzyme-substrate interaction
Enzymes are crucial biomolecules that facilitate specific chemical reactions in living organisms. They do this by binding to specific molecules known as substrates, and this interaction is key to their function. Enzymes can only catalyze specific types of reactions, and this specificity is determined by the unique shape of their active site, which is in…
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Krebs cycle
occur in the mitochondria of cells. It is a crucial process in cellular respiration, where it breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into energy that the cell can use. In this article, we will explore the definition, equation, enzymes, and steps involved in the Krebs cycle, as well as its importance in cellular metabolism. Understanding…
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Photorespiration
Photorespiration is a complex process that takes place in plants when the concentration of CO2 inside the leaves decreases. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis and ultimately leads to decreased plant growth and yield. In this chapter, we provide an in-depth overview of photorespiration, its biochemistry, regulation, and its impact on plant growth and…
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Calvin-Benson Cycle
The Calvin-Benson cycle is a fundamental process in photosynthesis, the metabolic pathway by which autotrophs, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This cycle takes place in the chloroplasts of these organisms and is responsible for fixing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere into…
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