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Autonomous Specification
Delve into the realm of embryonic cell commitment through the lens of autonomous specification. This strategy, found in various organisms like snail Patella and tunicate embryos, involves the independent determination of cell fate within the egg cytoplasm. Discover how specific regions and factors influence gene expression, ultimately steering cells toward distinct destinies. Explore the groundbreaking…
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Exons and Introns
Dive into the intricate world of gene transcription with a focus on exons and introns. Explore how eukaryotic genes differ from prokaryotic ones and uncover the roles of exons, coding sequences, and introns, non-coding segments, in shaping gene expression. Delve into the structure of the human β-globin gene as a case study, unraveling its various…
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Pluripotent Stem CellsÂ
Explore the realm of pluripotent stem cells through these insightful study notes. Unveil their significance in research and therapy, their origin in the mammalian inner cell mass, and the intricate regulatory mechanisms that maintain their pluripotency. Delve into the orchestration of gene expression, the roles of key transcription factors, and the interplay of cell-to-cell interactions…
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Trp Operon
The Trp operon is a genetic regulatory system in bacteria that controls the production of enzymes for tryptophan synthesis. It consists of a promoter, operator, and structural gene region. Induction and repression mechanisms regulate transcription based on tryptophan levels. Feedback inhibition further modulates the operon. Understanding the Trp operon sheds light on genetic regulation, cell…
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Centrosomes Structure and Function
Centrosomes are vital organelles in eukaryotic cells that play an essential role in the organization of the cell’s microtubule cytoskeleton and the proper distribution of genetic material during cell division. Composed of two cylindrical centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material, these organelles act as nucleation sites for the formation of microtubules, which are crucial for cell…
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Eukaryotic transcription
The eukaryotic transcription process is a fundamental process for gene expression in eukaryotic cells. This process involves several steps that are tightly regulated and require the coordinated action of multiple proteins and regulatory factors. The initiation step is the first and most critical step in the transcription process. It involves the recruitment of RNA polymerase…
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RNA Interference (RNAi)
The article provides an introduction to RNA interference (RNAi), a process by which the expression of specific genes is regulated at the post-transcriptional level. It explains the biochemistry of siRNA and shRNA, the mechanism of action, and the downstream effects of RNAi. The article also discusses the role of RNAi in cancer treatment and defense…
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DNA Helix Variations
Explore the fascinating world of DNA structures with distinct characteristics and functions. Discover the diverse forms of A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA, each with their unique helix shapes, base pairs per turn, and pitches. While A-DNA boasts a narrower and regular structure with 11 base pairs per turn and a pitch of 3.4 nm, B-DNA presents…
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