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Cytokines
Cytokines are vital signaling molecules that play a crucial role in the immune response. This detailed study explores the functions, types, and significance of cytokines in various physiological processes, including inflammation and cell growth. It delves into the two main categories of cytokines: pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, shedding light on their roles in initiating and…
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Adaptive Immune Response
The adaptive immune response is a powerful defense mechanism that comes into play when the innate immune response falls short in eliminating pathogens. This intricate system involves specific antibodies produced by B cells, which bind to antigens, such as viruses and bacteria, marking them for destruction. Antibodies can neutralize pathogens, impeding their ability to infect…
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Cells of the Immune System
In this comprehensive study, we delve into the intricate world of immune system cells. Explore the diverse functions and interactions of white blood cells, T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells in safeguarding our bodies against pathogens. Gain insights into the crucial role these cells play in maintaining a strong immune…
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Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity
The excerpt delves into the crucial topics of pathogen recognition and innate immunity. It highlights the significance of the innate immune system as the first line of defense against invading pathogens, explaining the role of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) in detecting unique pathogen structures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The innate immune response’s rapid…
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Functions of Complement system
The complement system is a critical component of the innate immune system that plays a vital role in recognizing and eliminating invading pathogens. Composed of more than 30 plasma proteins, the complement system is activated through several different pathways and exerts its effector functions through various mechanisms. These functions include opsonization, recruitment of inflammatory cells,…
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Antibodies
This text provides an overview of antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), which are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign antigens. Antibodies are highly specific to a particular antigen and play a crucial role in fighting infections and diseases. The text covers the structure and different classes of antibodies, their mechanisms…
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Antigen Presenting Cells
This text provides an overview of antigen presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, and their crucial role in initiating the adaptive immune response. It also discusses the process of maturation of APCs, which enhances their efficiency in presenting antigens to T cells.
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