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Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles found in eukaryotic cells responsible for generating energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Due to their essential role in cellular respiration, they are often referred to as the powerhouses of the cell. Mitochondria have a unique structure consisting of an outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix. They…
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Apoptosis – Molecular Basis
Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is a crucial process in multicellular organisms that plays a key role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding to cellular stress and damage. Dysregulation of apoptosis can lead to various diseases, including cancer and autoimmunity. The molecular basis of apoptosis involves two main pathways: the extrinsic pathway, which…
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Electron Transport Chain: The Powerhouse of Cellular Respiration
Introduction: Structure of the Electron Transport Chain Complexes of ETC: The ETC is made up of four protein complexes: Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV. Each complex has a specific function in the ETC, and the electron transfer between complexes is tightly regulated. Complex I (NADH-CoQ oxidoreductase): Complex I is the first…
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Cellular Compartmentalization
Cellular compartmentalization is a fundamental process that allows eukaryotic cells to carry out different functions simultaneously and create specialized environments within the cell. The different compartments within the cell have specific functions and contain specific proteins and other molecules. Dysfunction in cellular compartmentalization can lead to various diseases, highlighting the importance of this process in…
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