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Electron Microscopy
In 1924, Louis de Broglie theorized that particles possess wave-like properties, a concept later confirmed by electron diffraction experiments. This breakthrough laid the foundation for electron microscopy. The de Broglie equation describes the relationship between a particle’s wavelength and its momentum, highlighting that electrons accelerated in a microscope can achieve extremely short wavelengths, crucial for…
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Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy
Multiphoton microscopy utilizes the simultaneous absorption of two photons to excite fluorophores, enabling imaging with longer wavelength light. The process necessitates intense light sources, such as pulsed infrared lasers, to achieve sufficient photon density. Notably, this technique allows deeper tissue imaging, as biological specimens poorly absorb near-infrared radiation compared to UV and blue-green radiation. Additionally,…
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CLSM -Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) enables high-resolution imaging of biological specimens by focusing on thin layers within the sample. Utilizing lasers, pinhole apertures, and raster scanning, CLSM provides sharp, detailed images and facilitates three-dimensional reconstruction. This technique offers significant advantages in the precise localization and visualization of cellular structures, paving the way for advancements in…
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Fluorescence Microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy is a pivotal technique in biological research, allowing the visualization of cellular structures and functions with enhanced contrast and resolution. By using fluorescent probes, GFP tagging, and advanced methods like TIRF, researchers can gain detailed insights into cellular processes. This study note covers the principles, types, and applications of fluorescence microscopy, highlighting its…
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Microscopy
Light microscopy plays a crucial role in biological research, offering a means to visualize microscopic objects and macromolecules. By leveraging the principles of geometrical optics, various forms of microscopy, such as bright-field, dark-field, and phase contrast, enhance image contrast and resolution in unique ways. This study note delves into the fundamentals of light microscopy, including…
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