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NFκB Signaling Pathway
NFκB Signaling Pathway Excerpt: The NFκB signaling pathway is a critical regulator of gene expression in response to stimuli like inflammation and infection. NFκB proteins, normally inactive due to IκB proteins, become activated upon signals such as TNFα. This leads to the degradation of IκB and the release of NFκB, which enters the nucleus to…
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Genetic Code Overview
Here’s an excerpt from the provided text on the Genetic Code: The **Genetic Code** is a universal set of rules essential for translating genetic information into functional proteins. It operates on a **triplet code** system, where each **codon**, composed of three nucleotides, corresponds to a specific amino acid. This code is **non-overlapping** and **degenerate**, meaning…
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Mammalian Fertilization: Sensing Mechanism Near the Oocyte
Hyperactivation is a crucial phase in sperm migration, occurring towards the end of capacitation. It is characterized by increased swimming velocity and force, asynchronous flagellar beating, and detachment from oviduct epithelial cells. This phase enables sperm to respond differently to fluid currents and aids in their detachment from the oviduct. Thermotaxis refers to the ability…
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Gamete Fusion and Prevention of Polyspermy in Mammals
In mammals, the side of the sperm head contacts the egg, initiating the acrosome reaction, which releases enzymes and exposes the inner acrosomal membrane. Membrane fusion starts at the equatorial region, aided by actin polymerization extending microvilli from the egg to the sperm.
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Mammalian Fertilization: Translocation
Mammalian fertilization is an intricate process occurring within the female reproductive tract, which actively regulates the transport and maturity of gametes[. The **oocyte-cumulus complex** plays a crucial role, with cumulus cells forming a protective matrix around the oocyte, aiding its transport to the ampulla of the oviduct. **Sperm translocation** involves several mechanisms, including sperm motility,…
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